All-electrical skyrmionic magnetic tunnel junction.

Topological whirls or 'textures' of spins such as magnetic skyrmions represent the smallest realizable emergent magnetic entities1-5. They hold considerable promise as robust, nanometre-scale, mobile bits for sustainable computing6-8. A longstanding roadblock to unleashing their potential is the absence of a device enabling deterministic electrical readout of individual spin textures9,10. Here we present the wafer-scale realization of a nanoscale chiral magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) hosting a single, ambient skyrmion. Using a suite of electrical and multimodal imaging techniques, we show that the MTJ nucleates skyrmions of fixed polarity, whose large readout signal-20-70% relative to uniformly magnetized states-corresponds directly to skyrmion size. The MTJ exploits complementary nucleation mechanisms to stabilize distinctly sized skyrmions at zero field, thereby realizing three non-volatile electrical states. Crucially, it can electrically write and delete skyrmions to both uniform states with switching energies 1,000 times lower than the state of the art. Here, the applied voltage emulates a magnetic field and, in contrast to conventional MTJs, it reshapes both the energetics and kinetics of the switching transition, enabling deterministic bidirectional switching. Our stack platform enables large readout and efficient switching, and is compatible with lateral manipulation of skyrmionic bits, providing the much-anticipated backbone for all-electrical skyrmionic device architectures9,10. Its wafer-scale realizability provides a springboard to harness chiral spin textures for multibit memory and unconventional computing8,11.

Field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization by two-dimensional PtTe2/WTe2 van der Waals heterostructures with high spin Hall conductivity.

The key challenge of spin-orbit torque applications lies in exploring an excellent spin source capable of generating out-of-plane spins while exhibiting high spin Hall conductivity. Here we combine PtTe2 for high spin conductivity and WTe2 for low crystal symmetry to satisfy the above requirements. The PtTe2/WTe2 bilayers exhibit a high in-plane spin Hall conductivity σs,y ≈ 2.32 × 105 × h/2e Ω-1 m-1 and out-of-plane spin Hall conductivity σs,z ≈ 0.25 × 105 × h/2e Ω-1 m-1, where h is the reduced Planck's constant and e is the value of the elementary charge. The out-of-plane spins in PtTe2/WTe2 bilayers enable the deterministic switching of perpendicular magnetization at room temperature without magnetic fields, and the power consumption is 67 times smaller than that of the Pt control case. The high out-of-plane spin Hall conductivity is attributed to the conversion from in-plane spin to out-of-plane spin, induced by the crystal asymmetry of WTe2. Our work establishes a low-power perpendicular magnetization manipulation based on wafer-scale two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures.

Quantifying the Magnetic Interactions Governing Chiral Spin Textures Using Deep Neural Networks.

The interplay of magnetic interactions in chiral multilayer films gives rise to nanoscale topological spin textures that form attractive elements for next-generation computing. Quantifying these interactions requires several specialized, time-consuming, and resource-intensive experimental techniques. Imaging of ambient domain configurations presents a promising avenue for high-throughput extraction of parent magnetic interactions. Here, we present a machine learning (ML)-based approach to simultaneously determine the key magnetic interactions─symmetric exchange, chiral exchange, and anisotropy─governing the chiral domain phenomenology in multilayers, using a single binarized image of domain configurations. Our convolutional neural network model, trained and validated on over 10,000 domain images, achieved R2 > 0.85 in predicting the parameters and independently learned the physical interdependencies between magnetic parameters. When applied to microscopy data acquired across samples, our model-predicted parameter trends are consistent with those of independent experimental measurements. These results establish ML-driven techniques as valuable, high-throughput complements to conventional determination of magnetic interactions and serve to accelerate materials and device development for nanoscale electronics.

Chiral Interlayer Exchange Coupling for Asymmetric Domain Wall Propagation in Field-Free Magnetization Switching.

The discovery of chiral spin texture has unveiled many unusual yet extraordinary physical phenomena, such as the Néel type domain walls and magnetic skyrmions. A recent theoretical study suggests that a chiral exchange interaction is not limited to a single ferromagnetic layer; instead, three-dimensional spin textures can arise from an interlayer Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. However, the influence of chiral interlayer exchange coupling on the electrical manipulation of magnetization has rarely been addressed. Here, the coexistence of both symmetric and chiral interlayer exchange coupling between two orthogonally magnetized CoFeB layers in PtMn/CoFeB/W/CoFeB/MgO is demonstrated. Images from polar magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy indicate that the two types of coupling act concurrently to induce asymmetric domain wall propagation, where the velocities of domain walls with opposite chiralities are substantially different. Based on this microscopic mechanism, field-free switching of the perpendicularly magnetized CoFeB is achieved with a wide range of W thicknesses of 0.6-4.5 nm. This work enriches the understanding of interlayer exchange coupling for spintronic applications.

Widely Tunable Berry Curvature in the Magnetic Semimetal Cr1+ δ Te2.

Magnetic semimetals have increasingly emerged as lucrative platforms hosting spin-based topological phenomena in real and momentum spaces. Cr1+ δ Te2 is a self-intercalated magnetic transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD), which exhibits topological magnetism and tunable electron filling. While recent studies have explored real-space Berry curvature effects, similar considerations of momentum-space Berry curvature are lacking. Here, the electronic structure and transport properties of epitaxial Cr1+ δ Te2 thin films are systematically investigated over a range of doping, δ (0.33 - 0.71). Spectroscopic experiments reveal the presence of a characteristic semi-metallic band region, which shows a rigid like energy shift with δ. Transport experiments show that the intrinsic component of the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) is sizable and undergoes a sign flip across δ. Finally, density functional theory calculations establish a link between the doping evolution of the band structure and AHE: the AHE sign flip is shown to emerge from the sign change of the Berry curvature, as the semi-metallic band region crosses the Fermi energy. These findings underscore the increasing relevance of momentum-space Berry curvature in magnetic TMDs and provide a unique platform for intertwining topological physics in real and momentum spaces.

Unveiling the Emergent Traits of Chiral Spin Textures in Magnetic Multilayers.

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically wound nanoscale textures of spins whose ambient stability and electrical manipulation in multilayer films have led to an explosion of research activities. While past efforts focused predominantly on isolated skyrmions, recently ensembles of chiral spin textures, consisting of skyrmions and magnetic stripes, are shown to possess rich interactions with potential for device applications. However, several fundamental aspects of chiral spin texture phenomenology remain to be elucidated, including their domain wall (DW) structure, thermodynamic stability, and morphological transitions. Here the evolution of these textural characteristics are unveiled on a tunable multilayer platform-wherein chiral interactions governing spin texture energetics can be widely varied-using a combination of full-field electron and soft X-ray microscopies with numerical simulations. With increasing chiral interactions, the emergence of Néel helicity, followed by a marked reduction in domain compressibility, and finally a transformation in the skyrmion formation mechanism are demonstrated. Together with an analytical model, these experiments establish a comprehensive microscopic framework for investigating and tailoring chiral spin texture character in multilayer films.

Coexisting Charge-Ordered States with Distinct Driving Mechanisms in Monolayer VSe2.

Thinning crystalline materials to two dimensions (2D) creates a rich playground for electronic phases, including charge, spin, superconducting, and topological order. Bulk materials hosting charge density waves (CDWs), when reduced to ultrathin films, have shown CDW enhancement and tunability. However, charge order confined to only 2D remains elusive. Here we report a distinct charge ordered state emerging in the monolayer limit of 1T-VSe2. Systematic scanning tunneling microscopy experiments reveal that bilayer VSe2 largely retains the bulk electronic structure, hosting a tridirectional CDW. However, monolayer VSe2 ─consistently across distinct substrates─exhibits a dimensional crossover, hosting two CDWs with distinct wavelengths and transition temperatures. Electronic structure calculations reveal that while one CDW is bulk-like and arises from the well-known Peierls mechanism, the other is decidedly unconventional. The observed CDW-lattice decoupling and the emergence of a flat band suggest that the second CDW could arise from enhanced electron-electron interactions in the 2D limit. These findings establish monolayer-VSe2 as a host of coexisting charge orders with distinct origins, and enable the tailoring of electronic phenomena via emergent interactions in 2D materials.

Visualizing the strongly reshaped skyrmion Hall effect in multilayer wire devices.

Magnetic skyrmions are nanoscale spin textures touted as next-generation computing elements. When subjected to lateral currents, skyrmions move at considerable speeds. Their topological charge results in an additional transverse deflection known as the skyrmion Hall effect (SkHE). While promising, their dynamic phenomenology with current, skyrmion size, geometric effects and disorder remain to be established. Here we report on the ensemble dynamics of individual skyrmions forming dense arrays in Pt/Co/MgO wires by examining over 20,000 instances of motion across currents and fields. The skyrmion speed reaches 24 m/s in the plastic flow regime and is surprisingly robust to positional and size variations. Meanwhile, the SkHE saturates at ∼22∘, is substantially reshaped by the wire edge, and crucially increases weakly with skyrmion size. Particle model simulations suggest that the SkHE size dependence - contrary to analytical predictions - arises from the interplay of intrinsic and pinning-driven effects. These results establish a robust framework to harness SkHE and achieve high-throughput skyrmion motion in wire devices.

Targeted Writing and Deleting of Magnetic Skyrmions in Two-Terminal Nanowire Devices.

Controllable writing and deleting of nanoscale magnetic skyrmions are key requirements for their use as information carriers for next-generation memory and computing technologies. While several schemes have been proposed, they require complex fabrication techniques or precisely tailored electrical inputs, which limits their long-term scalability. Here, we demonstrate an alternative approach for writing and deleting skyrmions using conventional electrical pulses within a simple, two-terminal wire geometry. X-ray microscopy experiments and micromagnetic simulations establish the observed skyrmion creation and annihilation as arising from Joule heating and Oersted field effects of the current pulses, respectively. The unique characteristics of these writing and deleting schemes, such as spatial and temporal selectivity, together with the simplicity of the two-terminal device architecture, provide a flexible and scalable route to the viable applications of skyrmions.

The evolution of skyrmions in Ir/Fe/Co/Pt multilayers and their topological Hall signature.

The topological Hall effect (THE) is the Hall response to an emergent magnetic field, a manifestation of the skyrmion Berry-phase. As the magnitude of THE in magnetic multilayers is an open question, it is imperative to develop comprehensive understanding of skyrmions and other chiral textures, and their electrical fingerprint. Here, using Hall-transport and magnetic-imaging in a technologically viable multilayer film, we show that topological-Hall resistivity scales with the isolated-skyrmion density over a wide range of temperature and magnetic-field, confirming the impact of the skyrmion Berry-phase on electronic transport. While we establish qualitative agreement between the topological-Hall resistivity and the topological-charge density, our quantitative analysis shows much larger topological-Hall resistivity than the prevailing theory predicts for the observed skyrmion density. Our results are fundamental for the skyrmion-THE in multilayers, where interfacial interactions, multiband transport and non-adiabatic effects play an important role, and for skyrmion applications relying on THE.

Tunable room-temperature magnetic skyrmions in Ir/Fe/Co/Pt multilayers.

Magnetic skyrmions are nanoscale topological spin structures offering great promise for next-generation information storage technologies. The recent discovery of sub-100-nm room-temperature (RT) skyrmions in several multilayer films has triggered vigorous efforts to modulate their physical properties for their use in devices. Here we present a tunable RT skyrmion platform based on multilayer stacks of Ir/Fe/Co/Pt, which we study using X-ray microscopy, magnetic force microscopy and Hall transport techniques. By varying the ferromagnetic layer composition, we can tailor the magnetic interactions governing skyrmion properties, thereby tuning their thermodynamic stability parameter by an order of magnitude. The skyrmions exhibit a smooth crossover between isolated (metastable) and disordered lattice configurations across samples, while their size and density can be tuned by factors of two and ten, respectively. We thus establish a platform for investigating functional sub-50-nm RT skyrmions, pointing towards the development of skyrmion-based memory devices.

Magnetization dynamics and its scattering mechanism in thin CoFeB films with interfacial anisotropy.

Studies of magnetization dynamics have incessantly facilitated the discovery of fundamentally novel physical phenomena, making steady headway in the development of magnetic and spintronics devices. The dynamics can be induced and detected electrically, offering new functionalities in advanced electronics at the nanoscale. However, its scattering mechanism is still disputed. Understanding the mechanism in thin films is especially important, because most spintronics devices are made from stacks of multilayers with nanometer thickness. The stacks are known to possess interfacial magnetic anisotropy, a central property for applications, whose influence on the dynamics remains unknown. Here, we investigate the impact of interfacial anisotropy by adopting CoFeB/MgO as a model system. Through systematic and complementary measurements of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) on a series of thin films, we identify narrower FMR linewidths at higher temperatures. We explicitly rule out the temperature dependence of intrinsic damping as a possible cause, and it is also not expected from existing extrinsic scattering mechanisms for ferromagnets. We ascribe this observation to motional narrowing, an old concept so far neglected in the analyses of FMR spectra. The effect is confirmed to originate from interfacial anisotropy, impacting the practical technology of spin-based nanodevices up to room temperature.

Emergent phenomena induced by spin-orbit coupling at surfaces and interfaces.

Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) describes the relativistic interaction between the spin and momentum degrees of freedom of electrons, and is central to the rich phenomena observed in condensed matter systems. In recent years, new phases of matter have emerged from the interplay between SOC and low dimensionality, such as chiral spin textures and spin-polarized surface and interface states. These low-dimensional SOC-based realizations are typically robust and can be exploited at room temperature. Here we discuss SOC as a means of producing such fundamentally new physical phenomena in thin films and heterostructures. We put into context the technological promise of these material classes for developing spin-based device applications at room temperature.

Fermi surface and pseudogap evolution in a cuprate superconductor.

The unclear relationship between cuprate superconductivity and the pseudogap state remains an impediment to understanding the high transition temperature (T(c)) superconducting mechanism. Here, we used magnetic field-dependent scanning tunneling microscopy to provide phase-sensitive proof that d-wave superconductivity coexists with the pseudogap on the antinodal Fermi surface of an overdoped cuprate. Furthermore, by tracking the hole-doping (p) dependence of the quasi-particle interference pattern within a single bismuth-based cuprate family, we observed a Fermi surface reconstruction slightly below optimal doping, indicating a zero-field quantum phase transition in notable proximity to the maximum superconducting T(c). Surprisingly, this major reorganization of the system's underlying electronic structure has no effect on the smoothly evolving pseudogap.

Quantum phase transition from triangular to stripe charge order in NbSe2.

The competition between proximate electronic phases produces a complex phenomenology in strongly correlated systems. In particular, fluctuations associated with periodic charge or spin modulations, known as density waves, may lead to exotic superconductivity in several correlated materials. However, density waves have been difficult to isolate in the presence of chemical disorder, and the suspected causal link between competing density wave orders and high-temperature superconductivity is not understood. Here we used scanning tunneling microscopy to image a previously unknown unidirectional (stripe) charge-density wave (CDW) smoothly interfacing with the familiar tridirectional (triangular) CDW on the surface of the stoichiometric superconductor NbSe(2). Our low-temperature measurements rule out thermal fluctuations and point to local strain as the tuning parameter for this quantum phase transition. We use this quantum interface to resolve two longstanding debates about the anomalous spectroscopic gap and the role of Fermi surface nesting in the CDW phase of NbSe(2). Our results highlight the importance of local strain in governing phase transitions and competing phenomena, and suggest a promising direction of inquiry for resolving similarly longstanding debates in cuprate superconductors and other strongly correlated materials.